Rheumatism is a general term used to describe over 100 conditions that affect the joints, bones, muscles, and soft tissues. These disorders can cause pain, stiffness, inflammation, and, in some cases, impaired locomotor function. Although often associated with older age, rheumatism can affect people of all ages, including children and young adults. Understanding the causes and types of rheumatism is essential for an accurate diagnosis and effective recovery.
Rheumatism is not a single disease, but a group of conditions sharing symptoms such as joint pain, inflammation, and limited mobility. These conditions can be acute or chronic and may have various causes—from infections and trauma to autoimmune diseases or joint wear due to aging.
In many cases, rheumatism affects not only the joints but also other organs, such as the heart, lungs, or skin—making a complex approach to diagnosis and treatment necessary.
Causes
The causes of rheumatism are multiple and vary depending on the type of condition. Among the most common are:
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Genetic predisposition
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Bacterial or viral infections
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Autoimmune diseases (e.g. lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
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Joint injuries or overuse
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Environmental factors, such as humidity or excessive cold
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Hormonal imbalances
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Poor diet and nutritional deficiencies
In some cases, the exact cause cannot be identified, but symptoms can be effectively managed through treatment and recovery.
Types of Rheumatism
Rheumatism is classified into several categories based on location, duration, and mechanism of action. It may be:
Acute articular
Characterized by sudden onset of pain, joint swelling, and stiffness, sometimes accompanied by fever and general malaise. Examples include post-streptococcal acute articular rheumatism. Immediate treatment is required to prevent complications.
Chronic articular
Develops slowly and progresses over time, causing gradual joint degradation. Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis fall into this category. Symptoms are persistent and may become disabling if left untreated.
Based on the mechanisms of action, rheumatism may be:
Infectious
Occurs as a result of bacterial, viral, or fungal infections localized in the joints. For example, septic arthritis is caused by a direct infection.
Inflammatory
Includes autoimmune conditions where the immune system attacks its own tissues. Examples: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis.
Degenerative
Occurs mainly with aging, when joint cartilage deteriorates. Osteoarthritis is the most well-known example and often affects the knees, hips, and spine.
Microcrystalline
Caused by crystal deposits in the joints, such as uric acid crystals in gout or calcium pyrophosphate crystals in chondrocalcinosis.
Of the soft tissues
Includes conditions affecting muscles, ligaments, tendons, or fascia. A common example is fibromyalgia, characterized by diffuse pain and chronic fatigue.
Most Common Rheumatic Diseases
There are many rheumatic diseases, but some are more frequently encountered and affect a large number of people. The most common include:
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Rheumatoid arthritis – an autoimmune disease affecting the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and deformities over time.
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Osteoarthritis – a degenerative condition caused by cartilage wear, more common in the elderly.
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Ankylosing spondylitis – chronic inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac joints, which can lead to stiffness and fusion.
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Gout – caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to painful episodes and swelling.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus – a complex autoimmune disease affecting not only joints but also the skin, kidneys, heart, and nervous system.
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Psoriatic arthritis – associated with psoriasis, affects the joints and may cause inflammation and tendon damage.
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Fibromyalgia – characterized by generalized muscle pain, chronic fatigue, and sleep disturbances.
Symptoms
Symptoms of rheumatic diseases vary depending on the type of condition but share persistent discomfort and inflammation. The most common signs to look out for include:
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Persistent or recurring joint pain
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Stiffness, especially in the morning or after rest
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Swelling and warmth around joints
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Unexplained fatigue
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Muscle weakness
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Reduced mobility or difficulty walking and performing daily activities
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Fever or skin rashes (in some autoimmune conditions)
Symptoms may start subtly, but without treatment they can worsen and significantly affect quality of life.
Complications of Rheumatic Conditions
Without appropriate treatment, rheumatic diseases can lead to:
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Joint deformities
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Loss of mobility
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Organ damage (in lupus or vasculitis)
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Loss of independence and work capacity
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Emotional issues: anxiety, depression
Early intervention is essential to prevent these complications.
Diagnosis
To establish an accurate diagnosis and differentiate between various forms of rheumatism, a complete medical evaluation is necessary. Diagnosis involves correlating symptoms with specific lab tests and imaging studies.
Rheumatism Tests
Among the most common tests are:
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ESR and C-reactive protein (CRP) – to assess inflammation
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High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) – for detecting low-grade chronic inflammation
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Rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies – useful in rheumatoid arthritis
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ANA (antinuclear antibodies) – indicative of lupus or other autoimmune diseases
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Uric acid – elevated in gout
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Homocysteine – increased levels may indicate inflammatory or cardiovascular risk
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Ferritin – marker of iron stores and chronic inflammation
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Complete blood count, kidney and liver function – to assess systemic involvement
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25-OH D3 levels
Imaging Investigations
These are necessary to observe joint changes and assess damage:
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X-ray – shows erosions, joint space narrowing, osteophytes
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MRI and CT – useful for deep joints and soft tissue damage
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Joint ultrasound – non-invasive and effective for early inflammation detection
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Thermography – to assess inflammation
Best Treatments for Rheumatism
Treatment is personalized and depends on the type and severity of the condition. Objectives include pain reduction, inflammation control, and disease progression prevention.
Medication
Includes several categories of drugs:
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – for pain and inflammation reduction
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Corticosteroids – for acute or severe forms
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Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) – such as methotrexate, which slow disease progression
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Biologics – modern therapy for cases resistant to conventional treatment
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Calcium, vitamin D, collagen supplements – for bone and joint health
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Intramuscular vitamin D3 injections – to support immune and joint health, especially in documented deficiencies
Medical Recovery
Rehabilitation plays a key role and is an integral part of treatment. In our clinic, patients benefit from:
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Personalized physical therapy – to maintain mobility and strengthen muscles
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Physiotherapy – ultrasound, interferential currents, therapeutic laser for pain and inflammation reduction
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TECAR therapy – modern tissue regeneration technologies
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Therapeutic massage – for muscle relaxation and circulation improvement
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Psychological counseling and support – to cope with the emotional impact of the disease
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Orthopedics – local injections to reduce inflammation and joint pain, as well as homeopathic remedies like Traumel, which support natural healing
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Interstitial laser on the affected segment/area – a minimally invasive therapy that stimulates deep tissue regeneration
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Local + intravenous laser – combines local laser therapy with systemic stimulation for fast and effective symptom reduction
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Ozone therapy – improves tissue oxygenation and has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and immune-stimulating effects
These therapies help improve quality of life and prevent long-term disabilities.
Useful Recommendations for People with Rheumatism
Rheumatic diseases can significantly affect a patient’s life if not diagnosed and treated in time. Fortunately, modern medicine offers many solutions for controlling and recovering from these conditions.
If you have symptoms suggestive of rheumatism or an established diagnosis, we invite you to schedule a consultation at our clinic. Our rehabilitation specialists will provide a personalized plan tailored to your needs. Don’t let pain limit your life – take the first step toward healing!
Bibliography
Benenson, E. (2010). Rheumatology: Symptoms and syndromes. Springer Science & Business Media.
Stockman, R. (1904). The causes, pathology, and treatment of chronic rheumatism. Edinburgh Medical Journal, 15(3), 223.
Tolmasov, R. T., & Jamilova, S. K. (2024). Causes of Rheumatism and Methods of Treatment in Modern Medicine. American Journal of Pediatric Medicine and Health Sciences, 2(8), 102-107.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does rheumatism mean?
Rheumatism is a general term used to describe a group of conditions that cause pain, inflammation, and stiffness in joints, muscles, and connective tissues. It can have various causes, from infections and inflammation to joint degeneration.
How can rheumatism be cured?
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the disease. Generally, it involves anti-inflammatory drugs, painkillers, physical therapy, and medical rehabilitation. Lifestyle changes and sometimes surgery may be necessary. A specialist consultation is essential for a personalized plan.
How do I know if I have a rheumatic disease?
Common signs include persistent joint pain, swelling, stiffness especially in the morning, fatigue, and reduced mobility. If these symptoms last more than a few weeks, a medical evaluation is recommended for diagnosis.
Are creams for rheumatism effective?
Anti-inflammatory creams and gels may temporarily reduce local pain and inflammation, but they do not treat the root cause of rheumatic disease. They are helpful as part of a complex treatment plan but should not be used as the sole therapy.
